Friday, 21 December 2012

Government Term Paper Topics


Government Term Paper Topics

In the recent years government term paper topics are becoming more and more popular. Students all over the US need to write a good paper on a government term paper topic. In order to be able to write a good paper on government term paper topic – a student has to possess certain information on the government term paper topic he chooses.
Basically, the writing a paper on government term paper topics – is conducting a quality research on the government activity and the effect it makes on modern life of an American.
The research can be conducted in several ways:
1.       An expert’s opinion. This is the most trusted way, as if you have access to an expert’s opinion on a government issue – you are guaranteed to have a good term paper, and its relevance will be proved by the opinion that is generated by the expert. This way is the best, but by far not the most convenient and easy.
2.       The internet – is an easy way to find information on the topic. The great strength of this method is that you can find multiple opinions on the government term paper topic and make your own conclusions towards this issue. The weakness of this technique is that it is not always so easy to find even one opinion. You will need to browse through thousands of web pages and not even find a single relevant thing.
3.       Multiple newspaper articles and professional journals may be used a relevant source of information. These types of information usually contain professional opinions on things going on in the government, but it may be difficult to find something according to your topic as well as use it without citation and refrencing.
If you decide to write a paper on either of the government term paper topics – the main idea is to conduct proper research and only then – write the term paper.
If you are having difficulties with writing a paper on various government term paper topics – why not consider having an expert write it for you? CustomWritings.com is eager to help you with any of your assignments. We have hired experts, who are proficient in almost all government term paper topics, and all of them can be easily assigned to your paper.
If you are seeking for proper government term paper topics help – consider CustomWritings.com as your number one assistant. We will make sure you will be delivered a good paper on a government term paper topic. We provide top quality custom term papers written absolutely from scratch.
Here is a list of the most popular governmental essay topics:

1. Government Monitoring the Public – Right or Wrong?

2. Fascism as a form of government.
3. Principles of the American Government
4. Government Supplied Health Insurance for all Taxpayers and their Dependents
5. How effective was the provisional government?
6. Government Intervention in Individual Markets: A Look at Government Intervention and Antitrust Law via the Microsoft Case
7. Colombian Government vs. The FARC. Who are they and what are they fighting for?
8. The role of government in the economy
9. Issues Facing the New Federal Government
10. Issues in Australian Government and foreign policy
11. Presidential and parliamentary governments
12. 1984 Governmental control over the media and loss of privacy
13. Links between GDP, Consumption, Investment and Government Expenditure
14. What are the major ideas of government and society contained in the Indian Constitution?
15. History of Roman Government
16. American citizen’s duties and obligations to the government based on the constitution
17. How has the Australian Government and media portrayed the refugee situation?
18. The Government’s Role in a Market Economy
19. E-Government and E-Procurement
20. Outline Government
21. State & Local Government Accounting
22. How do government policies influence the level of inequality in the distribution of income and wealth?
23. Government control over equality
24. Government Relations and business
25. Religion’s impact on US government
26. Government Censorship
27. Internet Regulation – Government Involvement
28. What is presidential government and parliamentary government?
29. US Airways and Government Aid
30. Globalisation and Government Incentives

 Criminal Justice Term Paper Topics

So if you are assigned a paper on a criminal justice term paper topic and you need help – we will help you with your term paper writing. A criminal justice term paper is something, where every student forced to write it, requires assistance. It differs from an average term paper, as is much serious, and in most cases completely results your grade. In order to manage to write a good criminal justice term paper – you have to be able to incorporate all your efforts as well as spend a lot of time on the research. Be ready to surf the internet just to get the idea of the criminal justice term paper topic.

Actually, choosing the criminal justice term paper topic is the most important decision which you will have to make in the process of writing a criminal justice term paper. You need to define the areas of your expertise, and find out which topic you are interested in, and where would you like to share your thoughts and opinions. 
When choosing the criminal justice term paper topic – you have to be able to forecast the way your paper will be perceived from the professor’s point of view, and find a topic, which will be equally high interesting for the professor as well as for you.
Such topics can be:
·         Can punishment be unjust?
·         Examples of unjust laws in various countries
·         The impact of crime on the society
The topics that you can choose for your criminal justice term paper can be various, so take some time choosing the most appropriate one.
The most dangerous and crucial issue right now is plagiarism. Plagiarism can seriously harm your criminal justice term paper, so be careful if you are using some other sources. If you decide to use some sources as quotations in your criminal justice term paper – be sure to cite and reference everything. You can be accused of plagiarism if you do not cite and reference everything properly.
CustomWritings.com can help you write your own criminal justice term paper for minimum money and in the shortest time. If you are seeking for professional and expert assistance in writing your criminal justice term paper – consider writers from our online term paper writing agency to assist you.
We have specifically trained writers, who are experts in criminal justice, and all of them have writing talent as well as a will to help you with any of your assignments.
All term papers written at CustomWritings.com are plagiarism free, and are custom written from scratch. You do not need to worry about the quality of your custom paper. We keep constant quality control and make sure that all custom criminal justice term papers are of the best quality.
The process of ordering a custom paper is very easy. All you need to do is give us detailed instructions on how to write a term paper, and give clear the requirements. Our number 1 priority is your satisfaction. Our writers are ready to do anything for you to be satisfied with your criminal justice term paper.
Here’s a list of possible criminal justice essay topics:

1. Girls Juvenile in the Criminal Justice System

2. Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in Jamaica as evidenced by levels of crime in Jamaica.
3. New Technology and Criminal Justice
4. The Criminal Justice System, Meeting Victims’ Needs
5. Crime Law and the Criminal Justice Service
6. The Youth Criminal Justice Act And The Implications For The Education System
7. Computer Science in Criminal Justice
8. Women In Criminal Justice
9. Criminal and Justice Administration
10. School Security and Criminal Justice

Tuesday, 18 December 2012

Report on Field Trip


Executive Summary

Field trips serve one vital function as far as education is concerned. Field trips link the classroom experience with the outside world in so doing they not only improve learning, but also give both the learner and educator valued practical experience (Jin and Lin, 2012). The tour they took with Greg Nannup of the Indigenous Tours WA was an interesting one judging by the varied lessons that we had to receive. This report is prepared to that effect. It details the events and the lessons learnt from the field trip conducted with the said tours agency. This particular trip visioned at improving their knowledge base grounded in the classroom concerning indigenous tourism. During this event, they encountered several wonderful spectacles like the magnificent shipwreck gallery in Fremantle. This gallery with its combined history and culture offers the tourists come visiting with a lively tourism site. The field trip owed its success to the tour guide, Greg Nannup who engaged the students in legends throughout the trip. A majority of his legends concerned the variety of tourist attractions that the students came across including the architectural buildings, the Freemantle Prison, and the Swan River. A brief detail of this is discussed in this report. In due course, the report provides information on the aboriginals’ connection with Fremantle, which actually is the basis of the indigenous tourism in the place.

Introduction
Within the Perth region, the Fremantle Heritage Tour is among the oldest indigenous experience. It starts at the Fremantle Maritime Museum next to the waterfront and wander pasts other spectacular sites along the Swan River (Smith, 2011). Tourists in the region enjoy the view of the Nyoongar homelands, which is famous for wildlife spotting, bush-tucker searches, and weapon demonstrations. Other than Fremantle’s well-illustrated history, covering the last two hundred years lays the colourful and rich native history of over forty thousand years (trip advisor, n.d). Fremantle, which is located next to the Perth and the mouth of the Swan River, was home to the indigenous people of Australia for a very long time. The Nyoongar makes up the local aboriginal language group living in this area.

The aspects of the life and history of the Aboriginal Nyoongar population enlightens within the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour (Rivera, 2012). Tourists exploring the indigenous culture plus the history in Fremantle discover that Swan River is an important part of the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Tourists get familiar withthe story of Wagyltogether with the aspects of the aboriginal history within the Fremantle area during the aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour. The field trip’s main goal was exploring the rich history that the Fremantle area holds, and in this regard, discovering the multi faceted nature of Fremantle’s heritage, both before and after the European settlement. This particular report explores a field trip that took place at the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour.
Background
As a requirement of the course, students are expected to take part in a field trip to an indigenous tourist destination. In this regard, the indigenous destination that is the subject of this report is the Fremantle, a place well known for its well-preserved architectural heritage. The Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour bequeathed the students with a pleasant and exceptional walking experience, which absorbed them into the culture of one of Australia’s most attractive cities. The students had the chance of exploring Perth’s natural charm and its hidden treasures. In addition, they engaged in its colourful history, starting from its colonial and indigenous beginnings to its current boomtown, filled with corruption and crime. The students gathered outside the shipwrecks gallery in Fremantle, an area bordering the Fishing Boat Harbour. They were led by Greg Nannup of the Indigenous tours WA in the trip that took one and a half hours to complete.

Aims of the Report
Field trip reports improve the educational value of a trip (Kolin, 2012). The trips deal with the spatial relations among data and the time relationships like the cultural history or geological processes. This report addresses two chief functions. First, it provides the practical experience that persuades students to realize the theoretical and conceptual discussions of their studies. Secondly, it improvesthe process of information gathering,as students are able to step outside their imaginedperceptions to collecttheir experiences as the data for the knowledge founded on interpretation. In equal proportions, the report imitates the learning and experience achieved during the field trip. Consequently, through the preparation of the report, students are able to ponder their enhancement proficiency within this field of indigenous tourism.

Site Description
Fremantle serves as a habitat to a majority of iconic and well-recognized tourist attraction sites. This makes it a notorious destination both for interstate and international visitors. Fremantle was originally home to mass accumulation and whaling stations. It is an attractive little city, famous for its vast multicultural historical sites and restaurants. In equal measures, it includes convict built colonial epoch edifices in addition to one of the most tarnished prisons within the larger British Empire called ‘the World Heritage Listed Fremantle Prison’. While people are busy exploring the place, they are likely to hear surprising noises of Irish prisoners as well as the comical British Bushrangers escaping. This is the result of the World War II and the dishonourable eviction of the aboriginals to the Rottnest Island. In the past years when passenger ships served as the common means of transport for international travellers, Fremantle remained the western entrance to Australia. Several migrants arrived via the ship making this place their home. However, the jet travel changed Fremantle’s fame as a destination, following which the port city appeared the centre of global attention during Australia’s defence of American Cup in the year 1987. Currently, Fremantle still holds on to much of its usual charm. Most of Fremantle’s old edifices have been carefully restored and as well, the west end of the port is officially among the outstanding archetypes of a Victorian port streetscape in the universe. Fremantle enjoys a lively atmosphere given that there is always something taking place around the city, ranging from exhibitions, markets and concerts, festivals, to street performances.

The Field Trip/ Literature Review
The experience during the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour was one to die-for. With the radiant, educational, and entertaining experience, the trip was a success. It gave the student visitors the story of the Wagyl together with the bit on the aboriginal history within the Fremantle area. An instance is the Fremantle Round House, which was constructed in 1831on Arthur Head. This building is not just Fremantle’s oldest edifice, but was also once a local prison. In the following years, it served as a holding cell to the aboriginal prisoners before they could proceed to the prison on the Rottnest Island. Yangan, an aboriginal resistance hero, is known to be among the first prisoners in Round House. After his rebellion against the white settlers, he was trailed and murdered. His head was cut off from the body, after which it was brought to England. After an exhibition in a Liverpool museum, it was buried in a mass grave. However, after some years, the head was exhumed and an aboriginal delegation brought it back to Perth.

The tale of the disastrous rates of indigenous imprisonmentwithin Australia in the modern day and the twentieth century was explained to the students and they could not help but question on the relevance of the prison museum to the children of an aboriginal background. Greg explained that the prison presents itself mainly as a site of convict imprisonment and virtually fails to notice the many years that after the convict period. This act stresses the diverse and fundamentally contested importance of such sites (Frew and White, 2011). Greg continued on the Fremantle prison saying that as an iconic architectural entity, the prison stands as an example of Australia’s legal, institutional, and social history, and, therefore, a monumental signifier of national identity. Convicts built the old Fremantle prison between the years 1851 to 1855. The prison contains an underground tunnel. The students were able to learn new information concerning the convicts, maritime legends, and stories of free settlers. One surprising discovery for them was that the prison has numerous paranormal activities in the form of ghosts, who have been living in the prison from the past. Besides, the prison’s history includes sufferings and hardships, which are observed on the brick walls as a lingering imprint. For example, the red, yellow, and black aboriginal flag is a major symbol of resistance and nationalism (Wilson, 2008). It is to be seen in a variety of places on the cell walls, in common places, and even as carved into sandstone walls.
Just as the Western Australian Indigenous Tourism Operators Council (2011) state, while on an one-hour walk in Fremantle with an aboriginal guide, tourists are likely to learn concerning the importance of Fremantle to the Nyoongar people in addition to the dreaming tales concerning the area. The main experiences include the aboriginal culture plus history, traditional aboriginal hunting and gathering, aboriginal dreamtime, plus the tours of historic and sacred aboriginal sites. Starting from the Fremantle Town Hall, the tour took a non-traditional route through Freo, at the same time getting to know of the precise, irrelevant, and subjectiveinformation of this place en route for the energetic cappuccino strip as well as the Roundhouse. The one and a half hour walk through the historic streets of the town, beginning at the Maritime Museum, through to the Roundhouse was of great significance. It gave the students a powerful insight into the aboriginal people’s experiences, plus how the settler invasion had an effect on them. A variety of aspects covering the history and life of the aboriginal Nyoongar populace became apparent within the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour.
As the Aboriginal guide took us through the path of native history and culture in Fremantle, the students realized that the Swan River is very much a part of the Aboriginal Dreamtime and the Aborigines treasure it as the most significant Dreaming trail within the larger part of Wagyl,also known as the winged Rainbow Serpent. In the context of Aboriginal beliefs, the extraordinary creature, the Wagyl lived within the reaches of the Swan River. In addition, it is linked to the development of the riverbed, which took place when it glided through the sand. Thus, the Nyoongar belief system holds the notion that the Swan River was formed in this way and the proof is the Wagyl’s existence. Around the Swan River foreshore, the ENRICH (Encouraging Reconciliation through Indigenous Culture and Heritage) trail discovers sites of importance to the Nyoongar Aborigines (Smith, 2011). They integrate Barrack Square, Kings Park, Heirison Island and Point Fraser, and the Supreme Court Gardens. Others sites such as the Pinjara, the Serpentine River, and the Mandurah as well collect the past and present rituals and traditions of primeval ancient groups living along the coastline. Moreover, the students were able to learn of the fact that major developments remain suitable within the Swan River. With this in mind, CY O’Connor, the engineer-in-chief of Western Australia from 1891 was responsible for a vital public works plan to build up the colony (South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council, n.d.). Hence, he was able to encourage the government that the greatest undertaking for Fremantle involved constructing a river mouth harbour. Certainly, the project was launched in 1892, with the harbour opening up its doors in 1897. Likewise, the students learnt more concerning the history of the place. According to the Nyoongar aboriginals, visitors frequented Fremantle during summer months during which fish and shellfish were in plenty. Greg recollected the history of fishing along the Swan River, demonstrating a way of using leaves and sticks to catch fish and crabs along the riverbanks. At the Fremantle harbour, the shallow waters formed a favourable environment for catching fish.
Furthermore, Greg explained on the link between Fremantle and the aboriginals. According to Buchholtz (2005), students should make a variety of choices regarding their host culture’s societal networks and these choices should result in a reflective effect on the extent to which they become socially integrated. With regard to this, Greg did elaborate on the vital sites and their histories, and shared dreaming stories from the region. He explained how the European settlement interrupted the local people, the link with the Rottnest Island, and the significance of the Swan River. The lessons learnt here included that the name Fremantle was borrowed from Captain Fremantle. On arrival to the city, the Nyoongar people gave him food, water, and fire. In addition, they sang throughout the night welcoming the white fella (wadjella) arrival. This was a novel refreshing approach to the old city from the eyes of the Nyoongar. In equal measures, the guide provided riveting insights into the traditional uses of plants, ranging from weaving, aid from stings, bandages, among others. There was a magnificent walk through the Perth’s striking Kings Park where they paid close attention to the plants that were initially used as food, medicine, and shelter by the Nyoongar tribe. The informative walk beginning with a cultural traditional reception ritual, the tanderum in which the visitors breathe in the strong aroma of native foliage that burns and smokes. The walk then ends with lemon myrtle tea and a review of some traditional tools and weapons.
Indigenous Tourism and Sustainable Development
A variety of researchers have discovered indigenous tourism as a method for sustainable development since it attracts visitors, stimulating local economies via a generation of tour revenues (Shikida, Yoda, Kino &Morishige, 2009; Choi and Sirakaya, 2005; Zeppel, 2009; Wallace & Russel, 2004; Whitford&Ruhanen, 2010; Altman & Finlayson, 2003). Uniformly, it helps preserve the natural, cultural, and social resources of the communities. Moreover, Blicker, Cottrel, and Black (2012), stress that indigenous tourism should aim at improving the lives of indigenous people, eliminating poverty, and contributing to environmental sustainability on a local and global extent.

Tourism is a likely source of employment and economic growth for the indigenous population in Australia (Buultjens& Fuller, 2007), and, thus, tourists are always invited to learn about the Aboriginal cultures within the country (Zeppel, 1999). Fremantle relishes indigenous tourism, which is the major source of employment and finance for the people living within the city (PerthNow, 2012). As Schmiechen (2006) explains, the place is of vital significance as it gives the visitors a strong focus on indigenous communities, people, and organizations with an explicit interest and participation in tourism. The exclusive aspects of the indigenous cultural traditions and history of Fremantle are embedded within the cultural and heritage tourism. In addition, the ceremonial aspects of indigenous culture are featured in Freemantle’s special events and native festivals. As Zeppel (2007) explicates, indigenous cultures are more often than not the basic moving factors for tourist’s visit to exotic destinations, and tribal events.
Fremantle, while taking upindigenous tourism for sustainable development, connects its recording facilities and institutions to the sites of native cultural tourism (Dunbar-Hall, 2004). From this viewpoint, it provides sustainable income to the aboriginals involved in media and music. In some cases, these places are as well the places of aboriginal broadcasting facilities and media relations. They observe numerous agendas. To start with, they are the chief site for dissemination of contemporary aboriginal music. Additionally, through indigenous control of broadcasting, they are a direct arena of empowerment, and thus allow aboriginal involvement within publicly available media and representations of aboriginality. In conclusion, they play a significant role in the development, preservation, and encouragement of indigenous cultures and languages.
Additionally, the travel guides within Fremantle are all local people, thus they have the exact information as concerning the area. According to Carr (2004), on-site interpretation aids to raise visitor’s awareness that a particular place has certain special importance to the local people, thus giving the visitors awareness of the cultural dimensions of that particular area. Greg Nannup, being highly knowledgeable and professional, proved to be highly engaging with the students and answered all their questions. In fact, he made the tour environment more authentic. The very fact that he is an aboriginal from the South Western side of Australia makes him authentic. As Mcintyre and Gosford (2011) attest, tourism in the twenty-first century is concerning people connecting with the globe, culture, and the bona fide experiences as opposed to the mere taking of photographs. Moreover, tourists are on the look out for nature-based experiences, thus they hunt for indigenous explanation of the surrounding milieu and landscape (Kandari& Chandra, 2004). Greg, as a travel guide puts this experience into the visitors. In addition, he is able to relate Fremantle’s indigenous tourism to sustainable development. Greg highlighted that his expressive voice in addition to the value of the stories he told had been passed down from generations, thus making them cultural in nature. Thus, he remains in a position to offer insight into the reasons why Fremantle and its environs are such a vital place for the indigenous population.
Greg clarified on the special link between Fremantle and its aboriginals. The land surrounding Fremantle has always been an important place for the aboriginals.
Discussion
The field trip was important in learning about the historic port city of Fremantle. The students did not just wander the adventurous streets and laneways, but also learnt about Fremantle’s rich and diverse history and culture, which is embedded within its colourful inhabitants, well-preserved architecture, and great food. They got the rare chance of exploring the rationale behind it being a famous destination for both the local communities and international visitors. One of the reasons is Fremantle’s unique character captured by its heritage architecture, music, culture, and its restaurants.

Conclusions and Recommendations
Field trips are a vital part of the school curriculum as they proffer students with the necessary experience that cannot be imitated within the school setting. Nevertheless, they are a critical part of the general knowledge. Students affirmed that the trip to Fremantle was a tremendously optimistic experience for them. When asked which aspects of the field trip improved their interest and understanding of the course, they rated learning about the historical and cultural aspects of the Fremantle aboriginals as the most important.

Monday, 17 December 2012

California Evidence Law Essay


Aspects Of California evidence Law and its impact on people in today’s Sociaty

1.0 Indroduction
There are various aspects of the California Evidence Law which impacts many individuals involved in the court of law, as well as the wider society. It is common knowledge that life cannot divorce itself from conflicts whether civil and criminal which is handled in the courts of law. The California Evidence Law has various aspects that influence how both the prosecutors and the defendants may argue their cases in court, how they can present their evidence, the nature of proof that is acceptable and that which is not accepted by the courts, among other key issues that affect people involved in the court processes. This paper makes effort to address the issues linked to California Evidence Law, and the impacts they have on paper.
The law of evidence in California has elements that are borrowed from the Federal Law of Evidence and that are why there will be close reference of the two laws. The aspects of the California Evidence law as reflected in this paper are such important issues that not only the lawyers who practice law should be well acquainted with, but also for the common man to be well versed with so as to interrelate with the laws well in the event they have to be used in the court of law in many capacities. People are used in courts as witnesses; as well as well they may appear in court as defendants and thus the California evidence law compounds as an important law, both for the people and the law practitioners. This law has impacts the people much since they come into interaction with the court processes in various ways, and may not have the formal schooling on matters of law and on evidence laws in particular. Thus this paper is such an important in outlining some of the critical aspects of the laws.
Getting to the root of the aspects of the California evidence law is not an easy task since the laws are much detailed, and thus requires a critical study so that to bring out the crucial elements that are reflected by it. This is why this paper has taken an approach of presenting the aspects in this law by reviewing the California Evidence law, organizing what is represented in the law, and ensuring that it is presented in a logical manner. This is to ensure that the paper is not only succinct in addressing the various issues in the law, but well detailed in addressing the key aspects in the evidence law that often affects people as they interact with the law. As much as a number of the California evidence law is familiar with us, this paper makes an attempt to review, and organize the aspects represented in the law, so that it can be easily understood by the people, and thus give people the confidence to apply the laws well in the event that they come to interact with it. It is clear that a better understanding of the California evidence law will enable the persons involved to apply the laws in a more appropriate way, and thus have better outcomes with regard to justice by representing facts and evidences in court as per the schedules provided for by the law.
A number of aspects in the California evidence law are not much emphasized in this paper because they are obvious concepts in terms of their universality of application in many other evidence laws, and secondly, some are only applied in a very limited contextual framework. Obvious aspects in the California laws that may not need to be restated are such as the rue of evidence that demands that all the evidence that is constructed should be constructed in such a manned to achieve the ends of justice to both parties in court. In addition, we have rules of evidence that are limited in application such as those relating to how the plaintiff is cross examined in cases such as sexual assault, or a case involving the incompetence of a juror to impeach his own verdict on the case, or even in the case of cases involving property valuation. Thus, this paper will concentrate in outlining the aspects in the California Law courts which are used in every day law practice and those that are not trivial. It has mastered in outlining the aspects that have impacts on people, as well as those aspects that must be known in the preparation of cases. Therefore the paper is explicit in addressing the issues in California evidence laws that often brings challenges in the arguing out of cases. California Evidence Code is short and thus this paper will give an analytic framework into all these issues.
2.0 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this paper is
To outline different aspects of the California Evidence Law. Laws are developed to improve justice to both the defendants and the prosecutors; thus looking at the California Evidence Law would be a big step in understanding this law from the eyes of justice, and how justice can reach out to the people.

To look at the implications that the California Evidence Law has on people. This is because the laws of evidence touch the people directly than any other law. It is this law that determines the extent of justice to people, and thus they should be able to understand the aspects captured in the evidence law.
Aspects of California Evidence Law
California Evidence law captures all the aspects relating to the construction of evidence, presentation of evidence, and admissibility of the evidence in the court of law. These are critical issues in the legal framework in California. It may affect the success of a case presented in the court of law. California laws just like other laws were established to ensure that there is justice for both parties represented in court (the prosecution, and the defense council). Thus it is of great importance for the laws to be understood by the people. In addition, in the eyes of the law, justice is delivered to the people in court through proper interpretation and validation of the evidences presented from both parties. In this regard, California Evidence Laws is at the center of all the processes directed to bring justice on board. Notably, it is people who submit cases in court, and thus the California Evidence Law affects none other than the people. This paper brings out the aspects in this law, an how it impacts people in the best way possible. This is with regard to the simplicity of the paper, and the diversity by which the aspects are presented to make it an all round paper.

3.0 Rules on Admissibility of Evidence
The California Evidence Law has outlined the structures by which any given evidence may be admitted in court or rejected. Not all the evidence that is presented in court will be admissible. This is because for the evidence to be admitted in the eyes of the California Evidence Law, it must surpass several tests. In the event that the evidence provided has not satisfactorily satisfied the standard by which an evidence may be termed as ‘admissible’ then it stands to not to be admissible, and thus may not be used within the constraints of California laws.

According to the California Evidence code 351, evidence presented in the court may only be admissible if it fully meets three conditions. The three standards by which evidence would be found to be admissible are materiality, relevance and competence. This means that any evidence presented in the court of law and is proved to be material, relevant and competent then such evidence cannot be barred by any exclusionary rule, and this further implies that the evidence is admissible.
Relevance
Evidence is found to be relevant in the California law when it has the tendency to create reason that makes the facts presented to prove or disapprove the evidence to be either more of less probable. This is per California Evidence Code 210. This means that the fact that if the evidence presented makes the fact presented to support or counter it more or less probable, makes it satisfactory as relevant. In addition, for the evidence provided to be relevant, then the presented evident is not obliged to make the fact offered certain, but should just demonist rate some tendency to increase of decrease the likelihood of the fact that is presented. The finder of the fact presented through the evidence has the liberty to weigh the evidence, though even if a piece of evidence stands to be weak, it would still be found admissible but for cases where it runs afoul of a given exclusionary rule of law or is deemed to be otherwise incompetent.

Material
Evidence should satisfy the condition of being ‘material’. Evidence satisfies to be termed as ‘material’ if the evidence offered proves a fact that has been an issue of a given case. In this regard, a fact in a court case may have support of proof by evidence. This type of evidence is satisfies the condition of material; for it proves a fact presented in a case.

Competence
Competence in the California law happens in the case that the evidence has a proof which meets a given set of traditional requirements of reliability. From the conditions that have been set, any given evidence given is found by the California Evidence Law to meet the three requirements is found to be much admissible. Without regard to cases where any of the parties questions the competence of the evidence through objection,, it would be deemed that the objector is trying to show that there lacks competence of another preliquisite admissibility standard. However, in practice the modern trend in law has shown the tendency to turn the rules of competency by turning them in form of weighty considerations.

Generally speaking, in the event that competent evidence is offered to serve the purposes of proof to a given relevant material fact, then this evidence remains admissible under the California Evidence Law. This is regardless of whether the same evidence may be perceived to be improper to be used for an otherwise purpose. This is per schedule of evidence code 355. Notable, as much as the evidence of prior bad acts subjected to the accused may be found not to be admissible, with regard to serving the purposes regarding the intent in a federal court to impeach the credibility of a witness serving in that case. In addition, in the event that evidence code 1101(b) is applied regarding a situation where it has put it clearly that evidence provided is meant to serve for a limited purpose, and the one party thinks that jury may improperly apply the evidence, then the party may request to a for a limiting instruction to be accompanied to the instruction.
Regarding the conditions of admissibility; in the event that value of the evidence is questionable regarding faults in its purpose, as well as a high likelihood that it may serve an improper purpose, by the party seeking to find a fact, the court has the discretion not to admit the evidence. This is regardless of the fact that it has fulfilled the prior conditions of admissibility. In this case the evidence would be thrown out for the probable value of the evidence would be said to outweigh its prejudicial (improper harm) effect. In this case, it is not that necessary that an evidence that is extremely harmful to one party qualifies to be prejudicial. In simple terms, courts have the discretion to prevent confusion, waste of time, and delay of cumulative evidence.
4.0 Accrediting and Discrediting a Witness
In the California Evidence Law, a witness may fail the test of being accredited if he has not been impeached. The law provides that any party has the liberty to impeach any witness at any provided time. In addition, the credibility of a witness could be impeached at international level but for the point he has been impeached by a court inquiry in any of the following relevant areas. Among the about nine of the areas, the first four areas relates with the fulfillment of the requirements of competence.

They include:
The sincerity, as well as firmness of the belief of the witness regarding the external consequences of violation of oath.
The nature and quality of the perception of the said witness or the ability by which the witness may be able to perceive.
The ability by which the witness may remember all that is provided as evidence.
Finally, we have the accuracy of the perception of witness communication.
A much as the cross-examiner may not have any basis for believing the existence of any infirmity in the witness testimony; the cross examiner may inquire into the four areas.

5.0 Issues in Presenting Evidence
Today, there have been an augmented number of issues with regard to presentation of evidence that have frequently caused problems in the courtrooms. Several of these issues relates to the presentation of evidence that affects the credibility, as well as the outcomes of the cases. In the California courts, just like other courts; it is not just the ‘evidence’ but also the presentation of evidence that affects the outcomes of the cases, and thus give justice to the people who deserve it.

a. Issues regarding the form of Examination
There are issues that have influence on how a given direct communication can be permitted or be found to lead to admissible outcomes. In regard to the law, direct examination relates to the questioning process by which a lawyer calling the witness to testify on the matters that he is making efforts to inquire on. According to the California Evidence code 760, this may relate much with the use of leading questions. In this case, a question may be referred to as leading if it a question that substitutes the lawyers words for those of the eyewitness or in the case where the question suggests a specific direction or response. For instance, “You told the court that you were at your estate parking at 7 pm that day, didn’t you?”
The imperative thing to reminder with regard to the form of examination and the implied implication of a response according to California Evidence Law is that all the questions that demands for a “No” or “yes” response may not necessarily be termed as leading questions. This is why under the California Evidence Law, the court allows the person conducting the examination to engage in questions such as, “Did you inform the defendants that you wanted the detergent supplies?” The things that should be noted according to this law is that a response can be found to be leading in the event that it develops a pattern that reduces the witness opinion to a state where the witness adopts the lawyer’s description.

b. The Hearsay Rule
This is one of the regulations under the California Evidence Law that is often simply stated though confusing to apply. Perhaps this is because the law is riddled with exceptions. In addition, this is among the rules that many people are versed with yet confusing at times to abide by. Hearsay evidence refers to the kind of evidence of a statement that was fronted by any other person other than a witness. This statement often is said by the person while testifying and often is offered to add the weight of proof of the matter at hand in that case. In analyzing the possible hearsay, the first step may involve the determination that the statement said is indeed hearsay. In this regard, if that statement mentioned is hearsay, then it demands that an inquiry be conducted to determine whether the hearsay statement in any way may fall within the structures of the hearsay exceptions rule.

Notably, evidence may fall into this category for various reasons. First, because the given evidence is often an out of court statement intended to prove something besides the truthfulness of the hearsay it qualifies. Secondly, if the said statements prove to have a possible use as hearsay or rather for a non-hearsay purpose then it stands to be admitted in court. These two exceptions makes such kind of evidence to be admissible subject to a requested limiting instruction. In addition, it is also subject to the discretion of the courts judges depending on whether it satisfies or tests negative to the condition of “its prejudicial effect outweighing the probative value”. This makes statements such as the following not to be hearsay in court. They include; “Help”, “I accept the offer”, “In my opinion” and so on.
c. The Lay Opinion Rule
The law demands that witnesses should respond to cross examination as per what they heard, felt, saw, tasted or smelled. They are required not to express their objective opinion or subjectively draw conclusions on their own. This condition shows that often the distinction between fact and opinion may not be found to be clear as expected. To add to this, an increased number of witnesses have found it not an easy task to give their evidence in the form that is required by law. This is because a given number of perceptions may not be easy to communicate by the use of language that is divorced to a given opinion and judgment. This is why both the Federal and California Evidence Laws have to a significant measure relaxed this standard against lay opinions. This is in their bid to ensure good facilitation of evidence reception. This is evident by the provision for witnesses who are not legal experts. This is because the lay people are allowed to testify in form of opinion subject to the rationality of the perception of the individual giving proof, as well as if it’s helpful to his own understanding of his testimony. To note is the fact that opinions by a competent lay person in court are permitted by cases, rule or stature.

6.0 Kinds of Evidence Admissible in California Evidence Law
Just like many other laws of international and national scope, courts would determine the categorization of evidences depending on the rationale offered by law. In regard to the California laws, the traditional types of evidence have been maintained they include demonstrative, documentary, real, and testimonial evidences. Important to note is that a number o rules of evidence are applicable with regard to the four kinds of evidence, while some apply to selected cases.

Real Evidence
This refers to evidence regarding something that is in existence, or a thing whose characteristics are material and relevant. Often it involves a thing that was significantly involved in a given event presented in the court case. In addition, a written contract, where sets of actions were based may be found to be real evidence by the virtue that the evidence has been presented to prove the terms that was executed by the defendant. If the written contract was drafted in an unsteadily and faltering manner, then it may be found as a relevant to show that the person committed to the contract was likely to be under duress at the time of closing the deal. Real evidence may include murder weapons, scene of accident, crumpled automobile.

The imperative thing to reminder is that for real evidence to be admitted, it must test positive to the teats of relevance, competence, and material. Often to do this requires laying the foundation. This is involves the establishment that the three basic preliquisites apply in that case. It is clear that materiality and relevance condition of real evidence are often obvious; however, the competence of the evidence must be proved by exposing out that the evidence is really what it was meant to be. This is through the process of authentication where the evidence is assessed to find that it is what it purports to be.
It must also be renowned that the verification of real evidence may be conducted in three ways. They include the identification of an object made unique, identification of a unique object, as well as by setting up a chain of custody in the case. These are the only ways by which the an alternate ways by which any real evidence may be authenticated in the event a court has failed to get satisfied by the method that has been employed.
In addition to the said, it has been found that the least troublesome method of authenticating real evidence is through the provision of a testimony given by a witness with the ability to identify the unique object that has been presented in court. Eve as efforts are made to identify the unique object in the case, it is however of great importance to note that an increasing number of mundane objects agree to this form of identification. In this sense, a unique contract developed by two or more parties, may be authenticated by a person with that given document. The second method which regards identification of an object made unique in court has also been found to be useful. This is because it gives lawyers or clients an opportunity to avoid the temptation of proving a chain of custody.

To sum this up, to bring justice closer to both parties in court, the law has provided room for the proponents of the evidence in court to establish the object subject to not being changed between the trials and events. This means that from the day of event in question through the days cannot be accounted for, then the evidence qualifies to be excluded.
Demonstrative Evidence
As the name does suggest, this is the sort of evidence that would demonstrates the testimony given by a specific witness. This kind of evidence is only found to be admissible under California Evidence Law when its not unobjectable, has sufficient accuracy for the tasks that are not yet done. A typical example of this kind of evidence may include the maps and animations that may demonstrate the scene of the occurrence. The purpose of demonstrative evidence is to get a clear illustration of the testimony being given. Authentication of this kind of evidence is done by the witness whose testimony has been captured in the illustration. This is because a witness is often given the opportunity to identify the salient features of the provided exhibit in court, and establish that it fairly reflects what was seen or heard in the said event.

History has revealed that for quite some time, California courts have held the use of photographs as only demonstrative evidence to be controversial. This is because it would be difficult to establish a witness who would say that the camera saw. However, many courts in California conclusively reached to a sensible solution and that is a photograph may qualify to be used either as a demonstrative or real evidence. This is depended on the form of authentication that was employed. For instance, a photograph may be found in court to be demonstrative by the virtue that it was authenticated by a witness who saw what exactly happened in the event.
Documentary Evidence
This kind of evidence is a kind of real evidence as it may include the cases such as evidence such a defendant offers a copy of a contract to verify the stipulations of the said agreement. In this event the contract may be found to be documentary evidence according to California Evidence Law. This is because the contract was issued in document form and thus is authenticated just as other real evidence. This is through the witness who has identified the evidence or a witness who is successful in establishing a chain of custody for the information captured in the evidence. However, because many contracts often involves human language, as well as the development of common law; this kind of evidence often is accompanied by problems especially regarding cases where they contain hearsay. In addition, we have the patrol evidence rule of the California law that bars the admission of extrinsic evidence, which has the tendency to change the terms of a written agreement presented in court.

As noted before, the documents presented in court as evidence may be authenticated in a similar way as the case is in other real evidence provided. In addition to this, the law requires that any material alterations must be accounted for with regard to the objective of the alterations and the consequent impact of that alteration. It is noted that within the structures of California Evidence Law, there are specific methods that have been approved for authenticating the document that have been listed in court. This includes the submission with regard to the finder of fact in the court case proceedings. Authentication of some documents may include the authentication of signatures on the document provided for the purposes of being used as evidence. There are many documents that may be used in court as documentary evidence. They include the inscriptions, newspapers, periodicals, public records, as well as other acknowledged documents.
It is further held by the best evidence rule that in the event that evidence is offered in form of writing; the secondary evidence provided to stand in place of the original document t may not be admissible but for an adequate explanation being offered accounting the absence of the original document. In the California Evidence law, testimony and other forms of secondary evidence that stands in place of the original content is on a general scale forbidden.
It has been generally accepted by both the California and the Federal laws that the use of ‘photocopy’ material may be subjected to error or fraud. In addition, the law encourages the use of mechanically produced duplicates but for a party which has raised a core issue, such as questioning the accuracy of the copy.
Testimonial Evidence
This is the most basic kind of evidence that exist s and the one that doesn’t necessarily require another form of evidence as a condition for it to be admitted in law courts. This is the evidence that is made up of what is said during court proceedings by a competent witness. A witness is found to be competent by the law if he satisfies four demands. The first one is that he must take an oath or its substitute with understanding. The second condition involves personal knowledge on the subject of the said testimony. This may be said in another language to mean he must have perceived a thing with a rational sense which should be relevant to the said case. The third requirement that makes a witness competent is being able to remember what he perceived. The last and final condition for the competency of the witness relates to his communication ability. He should have the ability to communicate with what he is expected to have perceived.

However, there exist other rules of competence that are linked directly to exceptional cases or circumstances. For instance the rule that a jury is incompetent to go ahead and impeach his own verdict, this is alongside the rule that an acting jury doesn’t satisfy the competency tests regarding testifying in trial where he is at the same time testifying.
It is also imperative to reminder that the California Evidence law has provided that in the event that the witness has forgotten what he is to testify about; there are four ways by which this memory can be supplemented. The first option is to seek a recess where the witness will have a break and thus calm the nerves. The other option involves asking the witness a leading question that would refresh his recollection of memory. At this point, it is clear that this is one of the exceptions on the earlier discussed rule against the use of leading questions while undertaking direct examination. The third and final option for a witness who has failed to gather memory that would support him to testify is referred to as “past recollection refreshed”. It involves refreshing the memory of the witness by requesting the witness to acknowledge that he can’t remember the fact that they are trying to inquire on. After this, he is asked anything that may help him recollect the memory; it may be a movie, events video tape, perfume smell and so on.
It should be noted that the California law demands that if the evidence used to refresh the memory of a witness is written, a copy of it should be provided to the opposing counsel. In California, failure to meet this demand will result in the testimony not being admitted. It must also be renowned that the reminiscence of refreshing doesn’t qualify in any way to act as evidence by any party. It is the response of the witness after his memory has been brought back that is treated as evidence.
7.0 Conclusion
All in all, California Evidence Law has various aspects that affect people in different ways. This is in their capacities as witnesses, lawyers, as well those who serve in other capacities at the court room. The California Evidence law has enclosed many of these issues said that affects the behaviors of the witnesses, lawyers and the power that a jury has been given to handle exceptional situations during the examination, as well as at other stages of court proceedings. The paper has brought out the core issues regarding California Evidence Law that affects the way witnesses, as well as the lawyers conduct their business during court proceedings.

Observation Essay: Chimpanzee vs White Cheeked Gibbon


Observation: Chimpanzee vs White Cheeked Gibbon
An observation was conducted at Lincoln Park Zoo of two species of Apes. The observation was of Chimpanzee and White Cheeked Gibbon. All the observation took place in the morning when the species were active and very play full. The observation covered the characteristics of the species with their comparison and also their behaviors.

Characteristics of species one-Chimpanzee
Chimpanzees are classified under mammals in the order of primates. Their Latin name is Pan Troglodytes. They can reach up to 3 to 4 ½ feet in height and they weigh between 100 and 150 pounds. The male are heavier than the female. Baby chimpanzees seemed to way between 3 to 5 pounds. It was observed that the chimpanzees stay in group of 10 and more, the groups have more female than male and at least three children. Their bodies are thickset with long arms and short legs with no tail. The long arms grip firmly the trees when they are swinging. Their bodies are covered with long black hair except for the ears, face, fingers and toes. Some have whiskers on their chin. They also have flat face, small nose and forward facing eyes.

They move in arboreal setting by swinging, clinging and climbing to branches. They use their long arms to swing from branch to branch. They have opposable thumbs except that they are shorter than those of humans. Chimpanzees are quadruped, they move on all fours. When walking, they use their knuckles for support with their finger half flexed. This movement is because of the shorter legs and longer arms. They also have opposable toes with good strength of griping. Chimps are capable of bipedal locomotion. This means that they can walk upright on two legs other than using the four limbs. They only do that when they need to carry something in their hands. They spend same time in the ground compared to the time they spend in the trees.
Characteristics of specie two- White Cheeked Gibbon
White Cheeked Gibbons are classified under mammals in the order of primates. Their Latin name is Nomascus leucogenys. They can reach up to 18 to 25 inches in height and they weigh between 10 and 20 pounds. The male are heavier than the female. Baby Gibbons seemed to way between 1 to 2 pounds. It was observed that the white cheeked gibbons live in small groups of five; the groups are families of male, female and their children. Their bodies are lightly built with long arms and legs with no tail. The long arms grip firmly the trees when they are swinging. Their bodies are covered with fur with their head covered with long fur. The male are black in color with a small part in the face around the cheek is covered with white fur. The female are blonde. They have a flat face and small nose.

They move in arboreal setting by swinging, clinging and climbing to branches and also a style known as brachiation. They form a loose hook around the branch that allows them move through trees using hand over hand motion. They have opposable thumbs except that they are shorter than those of humans. Their long hands and limbs can allow them to cover more than 10 feet in one swing. White cheeked gibbons walk on their hind legs suspending their arms to maintain balance. They rarely stay on the ground.
Comparison of the two species
The two species have some similar characteristics. Both the chimps and white cheeked gibbons are of the same classification of mammals and order of primate. The both species do not have tails. They all are quadruped and bidruped. Both male of the two species are black in color. The two species both have a flat face and small nose.

The two species also have some difference. The chimps are much heavier than the white cheeked gibbons. The chimps have long arms and short limbs while the white cheeked gibbons have both long arms and limbs. The chimps are covered with hair while the white cheeked gibbons are covered with fur. The chimps support themselves using the knuckles while swinging. The white cheeked gibbons on the other hand, use their arms to maintain balance by suspending them while swinging,
Behavior of Chimpanzee
Based on ad libitum observation, it was noted that the chimpanzees live in large groups. It was noted that they chew leaves. Chimpanzees also walk erect for short distance. It was noted that they are agile climbers and are rest less during the day. They love eating fruits and some eat insects by picking them with twigs or grass stems. The female chimps do not like to stay where the sun is direct to them. They also made various sound while jumping and swinging especially in the morning.

During the focal sampling, each activity of the species was given at most 15 minutes in order to learn who they truly behave. It was observed that chimps live in large group consisting of different male and female groups. The groups were very flexible. It was observed that chimps chew leaves then dip them in water to suck out the moisture in them. They also eat lots of fruits and insects. They used twigs and grass stems to poke at ants and termite nests. Once the insects cling on them, the chimps eat them. It was observed that during the day the chimps spend their time in the ground and for short distances they walk using their limbs only. It was also observed that they built nest high up in trees by bending branches and intertwining them. Some chimps built their nests in the ground. It was observed that the female avoided direct sun. For those seen exposed, their bare skin on the bottom became swollen and pink. Most time when they were exposed to the sun, it was an indication that they want to mate. It was noted that the chimps like touching each other a lot and they kiss when meeting. They hold hands and groom each other. They are very friendly and maintain good relationship among themselves The female seemed to give their young ones much attention and also they help in babysitting chores. It was noted that the chimpanzees produce loud sound mainly for communication with each other. They also drum on hollow trees and clap their hands. When they are angry, they stand upright and wave their arms. They also throw branches or rocks to show they are angry.
The focal sampling method of observation was much better compared to the ad libitum method. One could not that the female’s bottoms turned color. It was not expected to find the chimps kissing, something they do more often.
Behavior of species two
Based on ad libitum observation, it was noted that the white cheeked gibbons stay in small family groups of five or less. It was noted that they eat lots of leaves, flowers and insects. They spend all there time up in the trees swing from branch to branch. It was noted that they love swinging in very tiny branches. They love eating fruits and some eat insects by picking them with twigs or grass stems. They also made various sound while jumping and swinging.

During the focal sampling, each activity of the species was given at most 15 minutes in order to learn who they truly behave. It was observed that chimps live in small; family groups consisting of two matting team and an infant. . It was observed that they eat a lot of leaves, insect and flowers. They also chased small birds. They spent most of their time up in the tree swinging and searching for food. The female seemed to give their young ones much concern. The young ones cling on their mother bottom while breastfeed. Early in the morning the gibbons produces same vocal sound, a tradition to them. It was also a sign of marking their boundaries by the males. The white cheeked gibbons like grooming each other especially the hair. It was also observed that they have a high sense of hearing. They also seemed to avoid the water when they were in the ground.
The focal sampling method of observation was best to describe the behavior of the white cheeked gibbons. It was easy to note that they do not like water at all. They also did not like staying on the ground, something it was not expected. It was noted that the white cheeked bones chased bird, something unusual. It is hard to say they eat birds but why would they be chasing them.
Comparison
There a lot of similarities between these two species. They both produce loud sound in the morning. The female of these both two species give much attention to their young ones. The males of these both species mark their territories by producing loud and aggressive sounds. They both love grooming each other. The difference between the two species is that that the chimps stay a lot on then ground compared to the white cheeked bones which do not like at all. The chimps are used been in water unlike the white cheeked gibbons who avoid water. The chimps mate more than the white cheeked gibbons. It is also clear that chimps stay in large groups of mixed groups while the white cheeked gibbons stay in family groups. The chimps are each other, a behavior that is not seen in white checked gibbons. The white cheeked gibbons are not as friendly as the chimpanzees. The white cheeked gibbons do not build nest like the chimps. It was also noted that chimps are friendly to humans compared to the white cheeked gibbons. The chimps even tend to get close to human and you may be surprised by them wanting to shake your hands. They also try interact and play with human